Feasibility evaluation of flowback and produced water treatment via interfacial solar evaporation: Experimental validation and techno-economic analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Due to its high salinity and substantial production volume, flowback and produced water (FPW) from hydraulic fracturing operations of unconventional hydrocarbon plays has raised significant concerns regarding its proper disposal and treatment. In this study, fabricated polypyrrole (PPy)/cellulose-based composite aerogels were investigated for the treatment of practical FPW from the Montney Formation in Western Canada through interfacial solar evaporation. Through freeze-casting and in-situ growth of PPy on the aerogels, the fabricated PPy/cellulose aerogel evaporators demonstrated competitive FPW treatment capability as indicated by a freshwater collection rate of over 1.1 kg·m −2 ·h −1 using a purpose-made collector with different FPW samples. The purity of water collected from the condensed vapor was dramatically enhanced in comparison with original FPW samples. Meanwhile, collection experiments were conducted under various conditions to investigate the impact of different environmental factors, and a series of long-term test were performed to evaluate the durability of the fabricated evaporators. Based on experimental results, multiple technical and economic analyses with various scenarios were conducted in this study, with the lowest levelized cost of US$9 per m 3 of FPW. The promising results from these investigations revealed the technical and economic potential of high-salinity wastewater treatment through interfacial solar evaporation in practical applications. • PPy/CA evaporator was studied for interfacial solar FPW treatment. • Condensed water from FPW treatment with PPy/CA showed improved purity. • PPy/CA showed great durability in long-term stability tests with practical FPW. • Techno-economic analysis revealed great potential for FPW treatment with PPy/CA. • Salt collection could be integrated into the process for zero-liquid discharge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".