Functional Biofilms Based on CMC for Biodegradable Applications: Effect of GMA, AAM, and ZnO Nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, biodegradable biofilms were developed from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) modified via free-radical grafting with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and acrylamide (AAM), and reinforced with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized by the sol – gel method. Free radical polymerization, initiated by cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN), enabled the integration of epoxy and amide functional groups, promoting the formation of a structurally stable polymeric network. Structural characterization was performed using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, while thermal and mechanical performance was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), respectively. The results revealed a significant increase in storage modulus (E’) in ZnO-reinforced biofilms, maintaining mechanical integrity across a temperature range of 30 to 80°C. UV-aging studies demonstrated that ZnO delayed the loss of key functional groups (O – H and C = O) and mitigated mechanical degradation under prolonged UV exposure. The grafting of GMA and AAM onto CMC significantly improved crosslinking and mechanical strength, while ZnO NPs enhanced UV shielding and thermal stability. The resulting nanocomposite biofilms exhibited improved rigidity, thermal resistance, and photostability compared to unmodified CMC films. These findings suggest that functionalized CMC-based biofilms reinforced with ZnO NPs are promising candidates for sustainable applications in biodegradable packaging and biomedical coatings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".