Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Second World War disrupted business life more profoundly than the first. The FCCBE entered virtual abeyance. However, as the war ended chambers began again to coordinate. The FCCBE revived with a business conference in London in 1945 and the resumption of congresses in 1948. So too did the concept of the Empire-Commonwealth, which, as the chapter shows, carried on as chambers attempted to imagine a post-war economic future. Imperial preference, the sterling area, and myriad wartime regulations meant that Commonwealth level economic coordination remained tangible—economic governance persisted. This chapter traces this phase, emphasizing how the revival of the FCCBE was real but also uncovered fissures and especially a growing distance between Canada, whose dollar alignment created barriers to the sterling Commonwealth. The chapter focuses particularly on the last-ditch advocacy of imperial preference and reaction against the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It then turns to currency and the travails of the sterling area. A penultimate section outlines the continued wider plethora of albeit fading areas on which in the 1950s economic coordination seemed possible. Finally, it outlines how, for the first time, a much stronger late colonial vision emerged for the dependent empire, segueing into anxiety over political decolonisation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.045 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".