(S17) a systemic review exploring the relationship between Varicocele and premature ejaculation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Premature ejaculation (PE) is a male sexual dysfunction characterized by ejaculation that always or nearly always occurs prior to or within a short period of vaginal penetration. Recently, a correlation between varicocele and (PE) has been observed sparking an interest in exploring the effect of varicocele repair on the duration of ejaculation. This work is aimed at systemically reviewing the literature to assess the correlation between (PE) and varicocele through (1) exploring the prevalence of PE in patients with varicocele, (2) reporting the effect of varicocelectomy on the duration of ejaculation or (PE) measures, and (3) assessing the quality of studies investigating this relationship. Methods This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were included if they were original and (1) reported an association between the presence of clinical varicocele and premature ejaculation and/or (2) explored changes in ejaculation latency time after varicocele correction (either by subjective measures or by using objective measurement tools). The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for non-randomized studies. Results Eight articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Two of the 8 studies examined the prevalence of (PE) among men with varicocele, reporting a significantly higher prevalence compared to those without varicocele. The remaining 6 studies explored the impact of varicocelectomy on various measures of (PE). Results of these studies were found to be conflicting. Considerable heterogeneity was noted with respect to the methods used in defining (PE) or measuring the outcome of varicocelectomy on ejaculation time. The (NOS) results identified two studies with a score of 8 stars, two studies with 6 stars, one with 5 stars and three with 4 stars. Conclusion (PE) is more prevalent in patients with varicocele in comparison to men without varicocele. Limited evidence suggests that varicocelectomy may be associated with prolongation of ejaculatory time and improvement in (PE). However, further studies are still required before indicating varicocele ligation as a sole treatment modality for patients with (PE).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.053 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.014 | 0.014 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.030 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".