Glacier retreat from the Little Ice Age to the year 2020 in the eastern sector of the Fuegian Andes, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We evaluate area change of small cirque glaciers in the Argentine sector of the Fuegian Andes, from moraines mapping, aerial photography (1970 and 1988), Landsat 5 (2000 and 2010), Landsat 8 (2015) and Sentinel (2020) satellite imagery. Changes in glacier area were compared to temperature and precipitation data from ERA5 over the period 1950–2020. Our results show a strong relation between glacial retreat and changes in air temperature. Collectively, the glaciers shrank by 70% from positions achieved during the Little Ice Age (~1870). Half of this glacial retreat (total glacier area loss equaled 3.8 km 2 ) occurred after 1960–1970 when an increase of approximately 1°C in the mean annual temperature was recorded in the area. We observe a rapid increase in the rate of area loss and glacial retreat speed after 2015, with average values of 0.010 km 2 yr −1 and 30 m/year, respectively, in concert with a rapid rise of observed air temperature (approximately 0.7°C). The intensification of the Southern Westerlies Winds (SWW) at this latitude, related to the positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), produced an increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation in this sector which has induced a continuous and rapid glacial retreat since almost 1970.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".