Upconverting Nanoparticle‐Loaded Microneedles for Near‐Infrared Responsive Delivery of Gonadotropins to Increase Success of In Vitro Fertilization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In vitro fertilization (IVF) requires repeated bolus injections of gonadotropins at precise times, making it a painful and stressful experience for women. Polymeric microneedles (MNs) present a painless alternative to hypodermic needles, but controlling the release of drugs through MNs remains a challenge. Here, we report the development of a hydrogel MN patch integrated with upconverting nanoparticles coated with light‐breakable mesoporous silica (UCNP@LBMS) that releases the IVF gonadotropin, leuprolide, in response to near‐infrared (NIR) light, while retaining the UCNPs within the MN patch. In rats, a 5 min NIR pulse of 2 W cm −2 results in a significant increase in leuprolide release in both skin and plasma, with MN length playing an important role in drug bioavailability. Beyond IVF, UCNP‐integrated MN patches offer a painless, automated alternative in any application that requires daily, repeated, time‐sensitive hypodermic needle injections, such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".