Deciphering the hydrochemical signatures of groundwater of Raghogarh, India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines the groundwater quality of 80 villages in Raghogarh block, Guna, India, utilising Piper plots, Durov plots, Chadha diagrams, Wilcox, and Schoeller diagrams. The findings shed light on groundwater chemistry and its suitability for agriculture and drinking. Most villages have high calcium and magnesium concentrations, which exceed regulations in Bajranggarh and Kishanpura (Ca >70 meq/L). Water usability is affected by 500–1500 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS). Fluoride and nitrate levels are below limits, decreasing health risks. However, some municipalities have high sodium and chloride levels, raising salinity concerns. Density plots show significant sodium adsorption ratio values in Masakhedi and Tumankhedi, suggesting sodium-induced soil degradation. The Kelley’s ratio and magnesium adsorption ratio plots show that significant magnesium adsorption and sodium imbalance render the water unsuitable for irrigation. Hanumanpura and Gangapur have high electrical conductivity values (800–2000 µS/cm), indicating significant ion concentrations. Response surface plots reveal a strong correlation between TDS and alkalinity, showing that carbonate and bicarbonate minerals are key dissolved solids sources. A positive correlation between TDS and chloride, which alters groundwater chemistry, suggests anthropogenic contamination or saline incursion. The study stresses the importance of water treatment in Bajranggarh, Kishanpura, and Gangapur, which have high TDS, hardness, and chloride levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".