Impact of fluoride on antioxidant activity and mitochondrial homeostasis in fetal rat kidney
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluoride exposure harms human health. Additionally, recent attention has focused on understanding the impact of an adverse in utero environment on the programming of chronic kidney disease in adult offspring. A previous study has described that fluoride alters kidney development, inducing oligonephronia and promoting the premature maturation of remnant nephrons. Therefore, it is essential to continue researching the potential mechanisms involved in fluoride-induced alterations. Female Wistar rats were administered two doses of fluoride (2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg body weight/day) for 20 days before and after mating. The results showed that fluoride diminished catalase and superoxide dismutase activities while increasing the markers of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation, mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, and biogenesis. Morphometric analysis revealed an increase in mitochondrial size and content. Although the levels of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) increased, the activity of caspase-3 and the immunodetection in the TUNEL assay decreased. Several of these changes were mainly observed with the high fluoride dose. In conclusion, the results suggest that fluoride alters the redox status and mitochondrial homeostasis while decreasing apoptosis. It is essential to recognize that, under normal conditions, apoptosis plays a crucial role in proper kidney development, and its occurrence decreases as the structures mature. Therefore, collectively, these alterations could lead to undesirable effects on postnatal life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".