Examining Handgrip Strength in Persons Living With HIV in United States, Thailand, and South Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Frailty is associated with adverse clinical outcomes and includes muscle weakness measured as handgrip strength in the lowest 20%. Our study quantitatively examined handgrip strength in people living with HIV (PWH; N = 653) compared with reference norms using data from the National Institutes of Health toolbox project. In every age/gender category, the handgrip strength of PWH was significantly lower than reference norms. Although handgrip strength generally declines after midlife with losses accelerating with increasing age, we found this trend in PWH women but not in men. Handgrip is critical in completing daily activities such as opening medication and food containers and carrying bags of groceries. Despite comparatively low handgrip strength, we did not find significant relationships between handgrip strength of PWH and medication adherence, physical function, social health, or pain interference. Overall, our findings suggest the need for further exploration as to how significantly impaired handgrip strength affects activities of daily living and self-care management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".