Primary school-based food environment intervention increases diet diversity: Project Daire, a cluster randomized controlled trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study explored the effects of Project Daire, a school-based food intervention, on secondary dietary outcomes Diet Diversity Score (DDS) and Diet Quality Score (DQS), among 6–7 and 10-11-year-old children. METHODS: A randomised-controlled, factorial design trial was conducted in 15 Northern Ireland primary schools across four intervention arms: Nourish, Engage, Nourish and Engage, and Control (Delayed). Nourish modified the school food environment and increased exposure to local foods, while Engage delivered educational activities on nutrition, food, and agriculture. Food consumption data were collected at baseline and at up to a 6-month follow-up. DDS and DQS (at home, at school and/or total) were determined based on the UK Eatwell Guide. RESULTS: A total of 445 children aged 6–7 and 458 aged 10–11 completed the trial. Among the 10-11-year-olds who received the Nourish intervention, significant increases were observed in the school DDS (adjusted mean difference = 2.79, 95% CI: 1.44–4.14; p < 0.001) and total DDS (adjusted mean difference = 1.55, 95% CI: 0.65–2.44; p = 0.001) compared to their counterparts who did not receive it. No such changes were observed in the DDS of 6-7-year-olds in the Nourish group, nor in either age group receiving the Engage intervention. The DQS of both age groups remained unchanged across all intervention groups. CONCLUSIONS: The Nourish intervention was associated with improved dietary diversity among older children through modifications to the whole-school environment. However, the absence of measurable effects on diet quality highlights the need for future iterations of Project Daire to incorporate additional strategies. These should include targeted approaches to improve diet quality, foster active parental engagement, utilize validated dietary assessment tools, and ensure sustained implementation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04277312.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".