Further processing of soybean meal using thermomechanical and enzyme-facilitation modified secondary protein structure, in-vitro protein digestion kinetics and nutritive value in broiler chickens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Further processing of protein feedstuffs, such as conventional soybean meal ( CSBM ), may improve their nutritive value. This study evaluated chemical attributes, in-vitro protein digestion kinetics, apparent ( AID ) and standardized ( SID ) ileal digestibility of amino acids ( AA ), and apparent metabolizable energy ( AME ) in CSBM subjected to thermomechanical and enzyme-facilitated processing ( PSBM ). For the in vitro digestion, samples were sequentially incubated in triplicate, with pepsin at pH 2.5 for 0 and 0.5h (gizzard phase), then with pancreatin and bile extract for 0, 1 and 3h (intestinal phase, pH 6.5). A total of 180 one-day-old Ross 708 male chicks were fed a commercial starter diet until day 13 (n = 6). On day 14, birds were assigned to one of three diets: a nitrogen-free diet ( NFD ), or test ingredients containing 20% crude protein (CP) from either CSBM or PSBM as the sole source of AA. Titanium dioxide (0.5%) was included as an indigestible marker. Excreta were collected between days 17 and 20, and ileal digesta on day 21. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed structural shifts (P <0.05) in PSBM compared to SBM, including increased β-sheets, emergence of 3 10- helix, and reduced random coils and intramolecular aggregates. Compared to CSBM, PSBM had a higher proportion of fast-digestible protein (P < 0.001), representing a 21% increase, and lower proportions of both slow-digestible (P =0.001) and resistant protein fractions (P =0.002). Compared to CSBM, PSBM had greater AID of CP, Lys, Met, and Thr (P =0.001). The SID of Lys, His, and Val and total AA were greater in PSBM (P <0.05) than CSBM. The PSBM tended to have greater AME than CSBM (P =0.079). In conclusion, PSBM had modified secondary protein structure resulting in enhanced in vitro protein digestion kinetics profile, and improved digestibility of nutrients in broiler chickens
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".