Multi-species interactions with artificial causeways in a fragmented lake
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lake Champlain is fragmented by causeways that restrict fish and boat movement between basins, with only small openings for passage. We evaluated potential limitations on cross-basin fish movement using acoustic telemetry data from lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens, lake trout Salvelinus namaycush, and walleye Sander vitreus. Crossing frequency at five causeways was determined seasonally and repeated passage across years was investigated for individual fish. All species were observed in each basin where receivers were present and crossed most or all five causeways; however, no juvenile lake sturgeon were observed crossing causeways. Individuals with greater latitudinal range tended to cross more frequently, with most crossings occurring at two causeways between the Main Lake and smaller basins. Total crossing frequency was similar among species, but seasonal variation reflected species-specific differences in spawning seasons and temperature preferences. Few fish crossed causeways overall, but those that did often repeated crossing in subsequent years. Thus, causeways may limit fish movement between basins to few individuals, but those fish make repeated crossings across years, indicating interindividual diversity in movement and exploration behaviors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".