New findings of trypanosomatid species associated with horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) from Mexico
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are among the most diverse groups of dipterans worldwide, yet their role as vectors remains poorly understood, particularly in Neotropics. Although only females are hematophagous, their feeding behavior facilitates the mechanical transmission of a broad wide spectrum of pathogens, including Trypanosoma species. Unfortunately, most contributions on the relationship of Tabanidae and trypanosomatids are scarce, and in the Neotropical region, are limited to South America. Despite Mexico's high horsefly diversity, there are no prior reports documenting their involvement in Trypanosoma transmission. In this study, horseflies were collected from two localities (Sontecomapan and Los Candadillos) in Veracruz, Mexico, using Malaise and Manitoba traps. 65 horseflies representing 12 species were identified, eight individuals were found to be positive for Trypanosoma DNA, all of whom were collected from Sontecomapan. Of these, seven were identified as Diachlorus ferragatus and one as Tabanus oculus, representing new tabanids-Trypanosoma associations in the Neotropical region. Obtained sequences of Trypanosoma were edited using Sequencher v4, aligned using the algorithm Clustal W with MEGA v11.0.11, phylogenetic reconstruction was conducted in IQ-TREE, the delimitation of Trypanosoma species was based on the concept of Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units and it was revealed the presence of Trypanosoma theileri sensu lato in T. oculus and parasites from two distinct clades (suggestive of two novel lineages) in D. ferragatus: one formed a sister group to avian trypanosomes (T. corvi and T. culicavium) provisionally designated as Trypanosoma sp. "ferragatus", and another clusters closely with Trypanosoma terrestris as Trypanosoma sp. "veracrucensis". Genetic distance analysis further supported the distinctiveness of T. corvi/T. culicavium and T. terrestris. This study provides the first molecular evidence of trypanosomatids infection in horseflies from Mexico and the Mesoamerican region, as well as the presence of new species of Trypanosoma associated with these diptera, highlighting the underexplored diversity of these parasites and emphasizing the need for further investigation into the potential vector role of tabanids in Neotropical ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".