Acute toxicity and behavioral responses of banded gourami ( <i>Trichogaster fasciata</i> ) to single and combined exposure of acetamiprid and dimethoate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pesticides frequently occur as mixtures in aquatic ecosystems, yet their combined toxicological impacts remain unclear. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the acute toxicity of acetamiprid (ACE; 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/L) and dimethoate (DM; 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150 mg/L), both individually and in combination at varying ratios (0:0, 5:10, 10:20, 15:30, 20:40, 25:50 mg/L), in adult banded gourami (Trichogaster fasciata). The 96-h LC50 values were 17.14 mg/L for ACE and 43.54 mg/L for DM when tested alone, but declined to 5.87 mg/L (ACE) and 9.00 mg/L (DM) under combined exposure, indicating enhanced toxicity. Additive index (AI) analysis revealed synergistic effects (AI > 0.25) within lethal dose ranges, causing 10–50% mortality. Behavioral abnormalities, including hyperactivity and loss of balance, were evident within hours of exposure, suggesting neurotoxic effects. Histopathological analysis revealed severe gonadal alterations (ovarian adhesion, oocyte necrosis, empty lumina, and Sertoli cell damage) along with hepatic lesions characterized by leukocyte infiltration and autolysis. This study highlights the novel synergistic toxicity of a neonicotinoid-organophosphate mixture in a non-model fish species, emphasizing the ecological risks of pesticide mixtures and the need for mechanistic investigations to protect aquatic biodiversity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".