Empathy among management students : An assessment scale-based study of university students in Gujarat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Empathy refers to perceiving the emotional state of others, an essential soft skill yet missing among today’s generation. The present study investigates the significance of empathy among management students by evaluating the variables affecting empathy levels, exploring the factors influencing empathy scores and using the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) for selected universities in Gujarat. A structured questionnaire was administered to 482 university students between November 2024 and January 2025, collecting primary data. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were applied to assess construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability using the AMOS tool to ensure the robustness of the TEQ. The findings indicate that Leader Emotional Engagement (LEE) has a strong positive impact on Employee Dedication (ED). Emotional Awareness (EA) shows a moderate influence on Emotional Resilience (ER), while Employee Dedication (ED) exhibits a moderate-to-strong effect on ER. These results highlight the interconnected roles of leadership, emotional awareness and dedication in shaping workplace emotional resilience.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".