Cheyne-Stokes respiratory features, O2 homeostasis and heart failure severity in ADVENT-HF
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: In heart failure (HF), Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) cycle length (CL), which relates inversely to cardiac output, increases overnight. Aims and objectives: We hypothesized that in patients with HF: 1) apnea length increases from the 1st to the 2nd ½ of the night and because of this; 2) O2 desaturation worsens in the 2nd ½; and 3) HF severity and mortality rate will be greater in those with long CL. Methods: In 198 HF (ejection fraction [EF]: 31.8±8.4%) subjects with CSR, we measured CL from the start of 1 apnea to the start of the next and apnea length (AL), their mean values for the 1st and last 10 cycles; and overall mean for all 20 cycles. We divided patients into short and long CL groups based on median overall CL. We compared CSR features between 1st and 2nd ½s of the night and clinical features and mortality between the long and short CL groups. Results: CL and AL were longer in the 2nd ½ of the night (54.4±15.7 vs 59.1±16.6 sec, p<0.001, and 24.5±6.9 vs 27.5±8.8 sec, p<0.001, respectively), yet there was no change in mean O2 saturation (92.9±2.5 vs 92.8±2.7%, p=0.59). The number of breaths/hyperpnea increased from 9.2±3.8 to 9.8±3.7 (p<0.001). Those with longer CL (69.7±11.2 s) had lower EF and diastolic pressure, higher NT-proBNP, worse mitral regurgitation and higher rates of atrial fibrillation than those with shorter CL (43.9±5.7 s). Those with longer CL also had higher mortality than those with shorter CL (40.4 vs 21.2%, p=0.005). Conclusions: In HF patients with CSR, AL increased overnight but O2 desaturation did not worsen due to a compensatory increase in breaths/hyperpnea. Long CL was associated with worse HF and higher mortality than short CL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".