Dual-Polarized Dielectric-Filled Cavity Antenna With Air-Gap-Free Metasurface Loading for LTCC-Based 5G-and-Beyond Antenna-in-Package Phased Arrays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work introduces a dual-polarized (DP) slot-excited dielectric-filled cavity antenna phased array designed for 5G and beyond AiP solutions using low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. The primary challenge is to maximize a two-dimensional (2-D) beamsteering range with a compact form factor in a DP operation. Most reported LTCC AiP arrays have ≤ 55° beamsteering range at 5G mmWave frequencies and lack experimental validation for DP 2-D beamsteering operation. In contrast, the proposed antenna element in the infinite array enables ±60° 2-D beamsteering in the 5G n261 (27.5-28.35 GHz) band with the form factor as small as 5mm×5mm×1.3mm. This performance is achieved by introducing a wide-angle impedance matching (WAIM) structure directly at the antenna aperture, comprising a dual-layer metasurface formed by periodically arranged electrically small patches in a staggered configuration. The antenna is jointly optimized with a DP feeding network to minimize parasitics in the multilayer LTCC stack and a co-integrated printed circuit board (PCB) carrier to mitigate package-carrier coupling often neglected in previous works. It is fabricated in a single LTCC process without air gaps to ensure precise layer-to-layer alignment and eliminate losses from additional support structures inherent to conventional air-gap WAIM stacks. A custom equivalent-circuit model enables efficient analysis of scan-dependent impedance matching for the optimization. A 128-element AiP prototype employs 4×4 subarrays of four DP elements on the PCB carrier and is packaged with ball grid arrays (BGAs) to facilitate integration. This modular approach allows scaling to large arrays while considering the critical effects of the package stack-up and DP feeding. The simulated active reflection coefficient is < -8.5 dB within ±60° (with a scan loss marginally above 3 dB) at 27.5-29.5 GHz. Measurements confirm simulations for all relevant performance metrics in ±60° 2D-range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".