Optimized UAV Deployment and Blockchain-Based Caching: A Reinforcement Learning Framework
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Within the rapidly expanding Internet of Vehicles (IoV) landscape, the demand for network services to accommodate data-intensive applications has become increasingly paramount. However, IoV faces significant challenges, including high latency, limited coverage in remote areas, network congestion, and privacy concerns in content popularity prediction. To address these challenges, we introduce the Scalable Optimisation for Networked Aerial-vehicles (SONA) scheme, which reduces latency through advanced caching techniques while enhancing coverage and ensuring required data rates using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). UAVs are deployed to augment coverage in areas lacking RoadSide Unit (RSU) support and to assist in scenarios where RSUs are overwhelmed, ensuring continuous data rate provision. Our scheme introduces a novel mathematical optimisation model and machine learning algorithms: Federated Learning (FL) to collaboratively predict content popularity without exposing user data, Reinforcement Learning (RL) to dynamically optimise UAV placement and energy-efficient deployment, and blockchain to enable secure, decentralized coordination between RSUs and UAVs for real-time decision-making. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, achieving an average delay of 8 ms, an average cache hit rate of 88.43%, and satisfying desired data rate requirements in 84.85% of scenarios, significantly improving IoV performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".