Two for the price of one: generation of reconfigurable pairs of orthogonal polarization vortices using a Sagnac interferometer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate experimentally for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a novel simple and stable scheme for generation of pairs of orthogonal polarization vortices/cylindrical vector beams based on a Sagnac interferometer. In particular, for an intracavity vortex of order 1 a pair of radially and azimuthally polarized beams is produced in the two ports of the interferometer, and more complex cylindrical vector beams are obtained for higher order vortices. Moreover, we show that three simple techniques can switch/reconfigure these outputs to another pair of orthogonal vector vortex beams, namely saddle or hybrid modes. The switching is achieved by rotating either the intracavity quarter-wave plate or the input polarization by 90° or by introducing a half-wave plate into the Sagnac loop at 45° to the interferometer plane. Our scheme can find applications in optical information transmission/mode division multiplexing, information encoding, laser micromachining, and optical manipulation/particle trapping.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".