Epidemiology of Functional Neurological Disorder: The Clinical Spectrum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a prevalent, neuropsychiatric condition characterized by symptoms of impaired motor, sensory, cognitive, or perceptual systems. This study reviews the incidence, prevalence, demographic factors, risk factors, comorbidities, prognosis, and economic impact of FND and its subtypes. FND affects individuals across the lifespan and is more common in women, with socioeconomic and cultural factors also playing critical roles. FND is frequently comorbid with other functional syndromes, psychiatric and neurological disorders. Incidence estimates range from 10 to 16 per 100,000, with prevalence estimates between 79 and 144 per 100,000. Prognosis is poor without early intervention, with long diagnostic delays contributing to chronic symptoms and disability. FND accounts for significant healthcare utilization and economic burden. Evidently, there is a clear need for standardized diagnostic approaches and interdisciplinary collaboration to improve epidemiological accuracy and clinical outcomes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".