70% of College Students Who Engage in Non-Suicidal Self-injury Do Not Seek Treatment: An International Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a high-risk behavior, yet much remains unknown about NSSI treatment utilization. The current study seeks to determine cross-national endorsement rates of NSSI and NSSI treatment utilization among college students. The present study uses baseline data from a survey study of 4,772 college students who completed a measure of NSSI recruited from the USA, Canada, Spain, South Africa, Argentina, and England. In total, 19% endorsed past-year NSSI, with participants in England and South Africa most likely to endorse past-year NSSI and those in Spain least likely. 30% of those who endorsed past-year NSSI reported lifetime NSSI treatment utilization, with outpatient services being the most commonly sought treatment in each country. Service utilization was lowest in Canada and highest in Argentina. Low rates of NSSI treatment utilization are consistent across many countries, suggesting that barriers to NSSI treatment may be international, rather than nation, specific.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".