Families at Sea: The Impact of the Transatlantic Crossing on Scottish Migrant Families in the Age of Sail, circa 1784–1855
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Emigration was a process that was fundamentally defined by family. The decision to migrate was often made for the long-term well-being of the family, and travelling as a unit was a distinct experience to that of solo migrants. This article examines the transatlantic voyage and how, on the one hand, travelling in a family shaped the experience of shipboard life, psychologically and practically. On the other hand, the journey shaped family life, forcing change to their daily routines, their life events, and even their family make-up. Within the family unit, the onboard experiences of men, women, and children differed. Gender and age were just as significant as the variables of class and nationality, which have been assessed by historians to date. This article therefore reassesses the migrant voyage through the lens of family, demonstrating how voyage and family acted upon each other.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".