Seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. infection and its associated factors among children in Vietnam: A cross-sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Toxocariasis, caused by Toxocara canis and T cati (Toxocara spp.), is one of the 6 most neglected zoonotic diseases worldwide. Children are particularly vulnerable to this infection, which can lead to many negative health effects. This study determines the seroprevalence of Toxocara spp. and identifies associated factors among Vietnamese children. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Le Van Thinh Hospital, Vietnam, from June to October 2024. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and laboratory testing of blood samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between Toxocara spp. seroprevalence and potential associated factors, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) reported, and statistical significance was defined as P < .05. Among 216 children who met all criteria, 13.8% tested positive for Toxocara spp. Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations with pruritus (aOR = 2.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-6.83; P = .045), limb pain (aOR = 6.77; 95% CI, 1.32-34.65; P = .022), consumption of raw vegetables (aOR = 2.40; 95% CI, 1.15-5.01; P = .019), inadequate handwashing before meals (aOR = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.23-0.85; P = .036), and habit of contact with dogs or cats (aOR = 2.21; 95% CI, 1.17-4.19; P = .014). The seroprevalence rate of Toxocara spp. among Vietnamese children was quite low. Children exhibiting pruritus and limb pain, combined with the consumption of raw vegetables, inadequate handwashing before meals, and a habit of contact with dogs or cats, should undergo enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of toxocariasis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".