Importance of the Operating Conditions on the Photothermal Effect in Solar Pervaporation Desalination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of photothermal carbon black (CB) coatings to use direct solar light as an energy source for pervaporation desalination. We used simulated sunlight to irradiate the CB-coated membrane and measured water flux and salt rejection. The feed was recirculated at a rate of 1 mL/s to replicate the industrial recirculation condition. We observed no statistically significant difference in water fluxes of the CB-coated membranes tested with and without a simulated sunlight irradiation of 0.8 sun intensity (0.82 ± 0.34 and 0.79 ± 0.16 kg/(h m 2 ), respectively). Furthermore, the average permeances of the uncoated and coated membranes were similar. The results indicate that with rapid recirculating large volume feed photothermal heating from CB coatings is insufficient to increase the pervaporation flux of water because the heat generated by the CB heating on the surface of the membrane is largely dissipated into the bulk of the recirculating feed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".