Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article examines the concept of contra proferentem, the problems of application and implementation of this concept, its role as a complex civil law principle. The genesis of the emergence and enshrinement of this principle in legislation, its place in modern international law (Directive 93/13 / EEC, UNIDROIT Principles), as well as in foreign civil codes (Civil Code of Georgia, Civil Code of Quebec). Literal interpretation as a priority method does not always make it possible to identify the unambiguous content of the contract. The interpretation of the contract is relevant in connection with the further development of contract law, the emergence of new types of contracts, increasing the volume of civil contract texts, as well as to protect the weaker side of the contract. It is determined that the principle of contra proferentem is the interpretation of a disputed or contradictory condition of the contract in favor of the counterparty of the party who concluded the contract. It can be applied both in relations between business entities and with the participation of consumers. As a result of the study of the principle of contra proferentem the author becomes clear his practical benefits. This principle will simplify the resolution of disputes arising from contracts in which the conditions are unclear and it is impossible to establish the true will with which the parties entered into legal relations. This principle will also simplify the process of will of the parties through a detailed study of the text of the contract, the negotiation process that preceded the conclusion of the contract, business correspondence, established practice and other problematic structures.The application of the principle of contra proferentem in the field where consumers are opposed by professional institutions, in particular in the areas of contracts with banks, insurance companies and carriers, will create a positive trend to change the situation in favor of consumers in such agreements.The author concludes that, in general, the method of interpreting a contractcontra proferentem is an effective tool for ensuring fairness in resolving contractualdisputes, in particular those caused by contracts with unfair terms.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.035 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.017 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".