Long-term ground subsidence caused by historical coal mining: Case study of Eastern Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extraction of underground solids causes changes of the initial state of stress in the rock mass and results in ground surface deformation, known as subsidence. The magnitude of the subsidence depends on the geometry of the underground excavation, depth of the mining operation, mining method, mechanical characteristics of the rock mass. The magnitude of subsidence may be determined either from surface monitoring surveys or using empirical or deterministic prediction theories. The goal of the study was to determine direct and residual ground surface subsidence caused by historical coal mining in the Coal Field in Nova Scotia Canada. Direct surface subsidence was calculated using Knothe&s;s empirical model. Long-term subsidence was determined using satellite radar interferometry (SAR). The results of InSAR analysis gave long-term (recent 8 years) subsidence reaching in some places 56 mm. The study showed that long-term subsidence may last even more than 60 years after mining activities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".