Evaluating the Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality Rehabilitation Games With Enhanced Visual Training for Hand Motor Function Improvement Using Electromyography: Randomized Controlled Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Hand motor dysfunction greatly reduces the performance of stroke survivors. This affects their ability to perform hand motor tasks effectively. Patients receive slow interventions due to interventional limitations in stroke rehabilitation, which can pose challenges for sustaining enduring improvements. We developed immersive virtual reality (VR) games that used an innovative approach to cognitive engagement within visual training feedback for achieving long-lasting improvements. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fully immersive VR-based hand games compared with conventional physical therapy and to assess the correlations between electromyographic data and clinical outcome measures for improving hand motor function in patients with subacute stroke. Methods: A randomized controlled study was conducted among 52 patients with subacute stroke who met the inclusion criteria. These patients were equally allocated to an experimental group (n=26) and a control group (n=26). The experimental group received both fully immersive VR-based hand game therapy and conventional physical therapy, whereas the control group received only conventional physical therapy. Owing to the nature of the intervention, the study was unblinded, and both therapists and patients were aware of the intervention. Both groups participated in intervention sessions 4 days a week for 6 weeks (24 sessions in total). Moreover, both groups underwent 2 weeks of follow-up. Clinical outcome measures, including the Fugl-Meyer Assessment-upper extremity (FMA-UE), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and Box and Block Test (BBT), were used to assess motor recovery and functional performance. The minimal clinically meaningful difference (MCID) was used for comparing clinical outcome measures to examine clinically meaningful improvements. Furthermore, the correlation between electromyography data and clinical outcome measures, and the weekly progression in movement performance were evaluated to identify improvements in hand motor function. Results: After the intervention, there were significant differences in FMA-UE, ARAT, and BBT scores (all P<.001) between the experimental and control groups. The MCID findings illustrated that the experimental group had clinically meaningful improvements compared to the control group. There were significant correlations between electromyography signal features and clinical outcome measures (all P<.05) in both groups after rehabilitation. However, the experimental group exhibited strong positive correlations, while the control group exhibited moderate positive correlations. At follow-up, the mean movement accuracy was notably higher in the experimental group than in the control group (mean 83.59%, SD 1.1% vs mean 79.20%, SD 0.8%), indicating that hand motor function was effectively sustained through the use of the VR-based intervention in the experimental group. Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed that VR-based hand games with enhanced visual training feedback substantially improved hand motor function in patients with subacute stroke.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".