Optimizing nutmeg shell biochar production temperature for enhanced cement composite performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The growing focus on sustainability has driven research into converting agricultural waste into biochar (BC) for concrete applications. As cement manufacturing contributes significantly to global CO2 emissions, BC offers a promising replacement solution. This study investigates nutmeg shell BC as a sustainable cement alternative produced through pyrolysis at temperatures of 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C, and incorporates it at concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight. The main findings reveal that 2% BC prepared at 500 °C achieved optimal performance, with 23% and 27.57% increase in compressive strength and electrical resistivity, respectively, at 28 days. Additional benefits included enhanced water absorption resistance, reduced chloride permeability. Hydration analysis confirms BC’s porous structure provides nucleation sites for cluster formation during early hydration, representing a novel mechanism for accelerated strength development. This research demonstrates BC as a sustainable alternative to cement, offering environmental benefits through CO2 reduction and the valorization of agricultural waste.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".