Early pregnancy blood heavy metal(loid)s and low sea-fish consumption in relation to risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among Shanghai Birth cohort (SBC) women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication during pregnancy which increase both maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. Selected heavy metal(loid)s may lead to insulin resistance and increase risk of GDM. We sought to investigate associations between maternal heavy metal(loid)s exposure, sea-fish consumption and GDM risk. METHODS: In 2174 women, including 686 with GDM, 48 with preexisting diabetes mellitus (PDM), and 1440 euglycemic pregnancies from the Shanghai Birth Cohort, we measured maternal whole blood concentrations of 13 metal(loid)s including mercury (Hg), arsenic, cadmium, lead, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, selenium, rubidium, and strontium at early pregnancy. Logistic regressions were used to evaluate the associations of prenatal blood metal(loid)s with GDM and PDM, and linear regressions for plasma glucose (fasting, 1-hour, and 2-hour) during 75 g-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), with stratification by prenatal fish consumption and adjusting for pertinent covariates. RESULTS: Early pregnancy blood Hg concentrations were higher in women with GDM and PDM versus euglycemic (geometric mean was 1.88, and 2.18 versus 1.74 μg/L). Compared with the lowest quintile of Hg, the highest Hg quintile was associated with 1.66-fold higher odds of GDM (95 % CI: 1.17, 2.37, P < 0.01) and 7.10-fold higher odds (95 % CI: 1.82, 47.06, P < 0.05) of PDM. Consistently, blood Hg was also positively associated with higher plasma glucose at fasting, 1-hour, and 2-hour during OGTT. No significant associations were found between other measured metal(loid)s and GDM or PDM. The positive Hg-associations with GDM, PDM， and plasma glucoses were stronger among women with low fish intake (<1 time/week) and not statistically significant among higher sea-fish intake (interaction test P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this prospective birth cohort, despite relatively low maternal Hg exposure, maternal Hg during early pregnancy was positively associated with increased risk of GDM and PDM, while higher sea-fish consumption showed counteracting effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".