Dose-dependent toxicokinetics of permethrin in rats: A comparative analysis of four exposure levels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pyrethroid metabolites are used as biomarkers of human exposure but the influence of exposure levels on their toxicokinetics remains unclear. We examined the effect of administered dose on the toxicokinetics of permethrin metabolites. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered single gavage doses of permethrin (trans/cis 60:40) at 0.004, 0.04, 0.4 and 4 mg/kg bw. Serial blood, urine and fecal samples were collected. Trans- and cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acids (trans/cis-DCCA), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), and 4-hydroxy-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4-OH3PBA) were quantified. A clear effect of dose on metabolite profiles in blood was observed: appearance rate increased with doses, while terminal elimination half-life and mean residence time decreased. In urine, the predominant elimination route, fraction of metabolites recovered declined significantly at 0.4 and 4 mg/kg bw, whereas minor fecal excretion pathway was unaffected by dose. These findings show that permethrin dose governs both rates and extent of metabolite disposition, with key implications for exposure reconstruction from biomonitoring data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".