Dose-dependent toxicokinetics of permethrin in rats: A comparative analysis of four exposure levels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pyrethroid metabolites are used as biomarkers of human exposure but the influence of exposure levels on their toxicokinetics remains unclear. We examined the effect of administered dose on the toxicokinetics of permethrin metabolites. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered single gavage doses of permethrin (trans/cis 60:40) at 0.004, 0.04, 0.4 and 4 mg/kg bw. Serial blood, urine and fecal samples were collected. Trans- and cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acids (trans/cis-DCCA), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), and 4-hydroxy-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (4-OH3PBA) were quantified. A clear effect of dose on metabolite profiles in blood was observed: appearance rate increased with doses, while terminal elimination half-life and mean residence time decreased. In urine, the predominant elimination route, fraction of metabolites recovered declined significantly at 0.4 and 4 mg/kg bw, whereas minor fecal excretion pathway was unaffected by dose. These findings show that permethrin dose governs both rates and extent of metabolite disposition, with key implications for exposure reconstruction from biomonitoring data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".