Diffuse soil gas emission measurements on the volcanic island of Saba, Lesser Antilles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Monitoring changes of geochemical parameters in the subsurface around volcanoes is crucial for hazard assessment and early warning. This study establishes a baseline of soil CO $$_2$$ emission from its flanks of the Mount Scenery stratovolcano, on Saba in the Caribbean Netherlands, during its period of quiescence. The soil CO $$_2$$ flux and carbon isotope variation were mapped across the island to find patterns and locations of higher flux. Additionally, soil gas was analyzed for helium isotopes at ‘Green Gut’, a location which has an anomalous soil temperature. Results reveal spatial variations in temperature and soil CO $$_2$$ fluxes across the island, with higher temperature and fluxes observed along a transect from the southwest to the island’s north side. The anomalous sites identified from soil CO $$_2$$ flux and carbon isotopes measurements align with known alteration and temperature anomalies, including an abandoned mine in The Bottom and cracks along the road in ‘Green Gut’. The identified transect partially overlaps with a previously proposed ancient sector collapse, but our results suggest an extension northward. Integrated soil CO $$_2$$ flux and carbon isotope data across the island indicate that the emitted gas is a mixture of biogenic, atmospheric, and hydrothermal-magmatic sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".