Detailed Seismological Observations from the M L 5.6 Reno Earthquake Sequence, the Largest Induced Seismic Event in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The ML 5.6 mainshock within the Reno earthquake sequence in northern Alberta represents the largest induced event in Canada and is among the largest such events globally. We use seismological observations from local monitoring arrays deployed 6 days after the mainshock to develop a detailed understanding of the processes that drove the seismicity and relationships with nearby wastewater disposal (WWD) wells. The seismicity maps out a single fault plane located entirely within the crystalline basement. We used reflection seismic datasets to identify fault structures in the sedimentary section, which could have provided pathways for pressure transfer downward to the reactivated fault plane, and mapped a fault extending from the Belloy Formation down to the basement. If extrapolated through the basement, this structure connects to the position on the mainshock fault plane where the seismicity was densest during the early stages of monitoring. Therefore, this structure represents the most likely conduit for downward pressure transfer from WWD. As mapped in the sedimentary section, it extends through the Belloy and Leduc Formations (the two main targets for WWD), and so pressure could have been transferred from WWD in both formations. However, there is statistically significant temporal correlation between the seismicity and operations in a nearby well in the Belloy Formation, whereas there is no temporal correlation with operations in the nearby Leduc well. The existence of temporal correlation and the spatial proximity of the mapped fault to the Belloy well lead us to conclude that the Belloy well has a stronger connection to the Reno induced seismicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".