Voice-based prediction of prediabetes using classical machine learning models
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Prediabetes is a highly prevalent metabolic condition that significantly increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Despite its clinical importance, over 80% of individuals with prediabetes remain undiagnosed. Voice analysis has emerged as a non-invasive, accessible method for disease screening, with prior work showing promising results in detecting hypertension and type 2 diabetes from acoustic features. This study investigates whether voice-based machine learning models can identify individuals with prediabetes and evaluates the generalizability of these models across populations. Methods: Participants were recruited from clinical sites in India and a community college in Canada. All participants recorded the same spoken phrase multiple times daily via a mobile app, and glycemic status was assessed using HbA1c levels. Voice recordings were preprocessed to remove silence and trimmed to exclude potentially uninformative sections. A total of 167 acoustic features were extracted from each sample using Librosa, scipy, and parselmouth. Features were averaged per participant. Sex-specific models were developed under six experimental configurations varying by dataset balance (age/BMI-matched vs. unbalanced) and BMI inclusion. Feature selection was conducted using L1-regularized logistic regression (LASSO), and SMOTE was applied during training to address class imbalance. Twelve machine learning classifiers were evaluated using leave-one-subject-out cross-validation (LOSO-CV) on the India dataset. Final models were tested on a holdout India subset and the independent Canada dataset. Results: In cross-validation, the best female model (XGBoost, balanced, no BMI) achieved a balanced accuracy of 0.78, and the best male model (Random Forest, balanced, no BMI) achieved 0.68. However, holdout set testing identified different optimal configurations for generalization: the male XGBoost model trained on an unbalanced dataset outperformed the cross-validated model. In the Canada dataset, models failed to generalize effectively, with several configurations unable to correctly identify prediabetic participants. Discussion: Voice-based prediction models show potential for prediabetes screening in controlled populations, but their performance declines when applied across geographic or demographic boundaries. These findings highlight the need for more diverse training data and population-specific model tuning to support real-world applicability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".