Altered music emotion experiences of congenital amusia: from the perspective of reward
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A biological model of auditory learning posits that the auditory cortex interacts with the cognitive, sensorimotor, and reward systems to improve sound learning in real-world listening. Congenital amusia is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in fine-grained pitch discrimination. Although previous studies have investigated the auditory processing, sensorimotor and cognitive abilities of amusia, the characteristics of musical reward in amusia remain unclear. METHOD: We recruited 44 individuals with congenital amusia (22 females; 19.66 ± 1.92years), identified with the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA; cut-off ≤ 21.5) and 44 matched controls(23 females; 19.61 ± 1.65years). Participants completed the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire(BMRQ) to assess derived pleasure from engagement in musical activities, and the Multiple Mood Scale (MMS) to evaluate emotional experiences (heightened, tragic, romantic, blithe) elicited by minor- and major-key music. RESULTS: The amusia group reported lower overall BMRQ scores and lower scores on all five BMRQ subscales (social reward, mood regulation, emotional evocation, sensory-motor and musical seeking) compared to controls. For the musical emotion task, both groups experienced similar musical emotions for major music, whereas the amusia group rated minor-key music as significantly less tragic and more blithe. Additionally, overall BMRQ scores were negatively associated with blithe and heightened ratings for major-key music, whereas these associations were positive in controls. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest individuals with amusia exhibit music-specific deficits in the pleasure derived from music, together with an alteration in emotion experience to minor-key music. Overall, the findings indicate an alteration in the use of pitch-derived cues when evaluating musical emotions and their relation to reward. From a reward perspective, these findings guide neuroimaging studies toward clarifying how pitch-based cues influence music-induced emotion experiences in congenital amusia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".