Re-examining electrophysiological evidence for proactive suppression of salient visual distractors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Salient-but-irrelevant color singletons often elicit a positive component in the event-related potential (the P D ) rather than a negative component associated with attentional selection (the N2pc). The positivity is often assumed to reflect inhibitory control processes that prevent salience-driven distraction, particularly when the positivity emerges before the time range of the N2pc. To be certain that this “early P D ” is associated with inhibition, it is necessary to show that the positivity is absent when participants search for the color singleton. Here, we replicated a seminal letter-search task in which a singleton distractor was found to elicit an early positivity (Experiment 1) and then instructed participants to detect the presence of the same singleton (Experiment 2). We discovered that the early positivity is present both when participants ignored the singleton and when they searched for the singleton. These results suggest that the early positivity is associated with salience processing rather than inhibition that prevents distraction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".