A Strategy for Visible Light-Driven Bidirectional Switching of Spiropyrans and Fabrication of Photonic Logic Gate via the Modulation of Transmittance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spiropyran-merocyanine (SP-MC) system is one of the most widely used photochromic systems in various light-responsive dynamic materials. The 6-nitrospiropyran is the most frequently used spiropyran system due to its efficient forward switching from the SP to MC form with UV light and the reverse switching from MC to SP with visible light or heat. Replacing UV with visible light for the SP to MC isomerization remains a challenge. The substituent effect on the photochemical ring opening, upon tuning the electronic properties at the 7-position, has not been explored previously. These compounds were designed, thoroughly characterized using single-crystal XRD structures, and compared with control molecules that have substitutions at other positions. The compounds with substitution at the 7-position with electron-donating groups undergo the forward SP → MC transformation with 456 nm light, and the reverse MC → SP isomerization proceeds with 640 nm red light, offering bidirectional switching in the visible range of wavelengths. Besides in solutions, these photoswitches can be isomerized in polymer matrices, expanding the possibilities for their broader applications, including an all-photonic logic gate in thin films.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".