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The LED calibration systems for the mDOM and D-Egg sensor modules of the IceCube Upgrade: Design, production, testing and use in module calibration

2025· article· en· W4416794099 on OpenAlexaff
R. Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Jean-Marco Alameddine, S. Ali, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, Spencer Axani, Rishi Babu, X. Bai, J. Baines-Holmes, Aswathi Balagopal, S. W. Barwick, Simeon Bash, Vedant Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, Paul Behrens, Jakob Beise, C. Bellenghi, Bruno Benkel, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Besson, E. Blaufuss, Linda B. Bloom, Summer Blot, Imre Bodó, F. Bontempo, Julia Book, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, J. Braun, B. Brinson, Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis, Ryan T. Burley, Delaney Butterfield, Michael Campana, K. Carloni, J. Graciá‐Carpio, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Thien Nhan Chau, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, Brian Clark, A. Coleman, Peter John Cusack Coleman, G. H. Collin, Diego Alberto Coloma Borja, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, Rebecca Corley, D. F. Cowen, C. De Clercq, J.J. DeLaunay, D. Delgado, T. Delmeulle, S. Deng, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, Stephen DiKerby, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, Lincoln Draper, L. Dueser, Daniel Durnford, Kaustav Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, Thomas Ehrhardt, Leonhard Eidenschink, A. Eimer, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, R. Engel, Hannah Erpenbeck, Waleed Esmail, S. Eulig, John Evans, P. A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, K. Fang, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, A. Fedynitch, Nora Feigl, C. Finley, L. Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, S. Fukami, Philipp Fürst, J. Gallagher, E. Ganster, Alyssa Garcia, M. Ramirez-García, Gaurav Garg, Eliot Genton, L. Gerhardt, A. Ghadimi, Christian Gläser, T. Glüsenkamp, J.G. Gonzalez, S. Goswami, Alejandra Granados, D. Grant, S. J. Gray, M. Gravois, S. Griffin, S. Griswold, Katrina M. Groth, David Joseph Guevel, C. Günther, P. Gutjahr, C. Ha, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Leon Hamacher, Martin Ha Minh, Michael Handt, J. Hardin, A.A. Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, Jonas Häußler, K. Helbing, Jonas Hellrung, B. L. Henke, Lukas Hennig, Felix Henningsen, Lars Philipp Heuermann, Rattikorn Hewett, Nils Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, C. Hill, G. C. Hill, Ramy Hmaid, K. D. Hoffman, Dan Hooper, Sam Hori, K. Hoshina, Matheus Hostert, Wenjie Hou, Thomas Huber, K. Hultqvist, Karolin Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, M. Jacquart, Samyak Jain, Oliver Janik, M. Jansson, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, N. Kamp, D. Kang, Woosik Kang, X. Kang, A. Kappes, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, Akanksha Katil, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, Manish Khanal, A. Khatee Zathul, A. Kheirandish, H. Kimku, J. Kiryluk, Carolin Klein, Yukiho Kobayashi, A. Kochocki, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, Tomas Kontrimas, L. Köpke, C. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, P. Koundal, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, Gerhard Krieger, J. Krishnamoorthi, T. Krishnan, K. Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, A. Kumar, Emma Kun, N. Kurahashi, E.A. Kurt, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, Laurent Arnaud, M. Lamoureux, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, J. P. Lazar, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, J. Y. Liao, C. Lin, Y.T. Liu, M. Liubarska, C. Love, Lu Lu, Francesco Lucarelli, W. Luszczak, J. Madsen, Else Magnus, Y. Makino, Elena Manao, S. Mancina, Alicia Mand, Ioana Codrina Mariş, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, L. Marten, I. Martinez-Soler, R. Maruyama, Jonathan Mauro, Finn Mayhew, F. McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, S. Mechbal, A. Medina, Maximilian Meier, Yarno Merckx, Lukas Merten, T. Meures, J. T. Mitchell, L. Molchany, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Y. Morii, Anke Mosbrugger, Marjon Moulai, D. Mousadi, Emile Moyaux, T. Mukherjee, Richard Naab, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, J. Necker, Ludwig Neste, M. Neumann, M. U. Nisa, K. Noda, A. Noell, A. Novikov, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Vivian O'Dell, A. Olivas, R. Orsoe, J. Osborn, Erin O’Sullivan, Veronika Palušová, H. Pandya, A. Parenti, N. Park, V. A. Parrish, Ek Narayan Paudel, Larissa Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, Teresa Pernice, Josh Peterson, M. Plum, Axel Ponten, V. Poojyam, Yuriy Popovych, M. Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G.T. Przybylski, Lilly Pyras, C. Raab, J. Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, Martin Langgård Ravn, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, Abdul Rehman, I. Reistroffer, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, Chang Dong Rho, W. Rhode, Leonardo Ricca, Benedikt Riedel, Adam Rifaie, E. J. Roberts, S. Robertson, Martin Rongen, Aske Rosted, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, D. Ryckbosch, J. Saffer, D. Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, A. Sandrock, P. Sandstrom, Grace Sanger-Johnson, M. Santander, S. Sarkar, J. Savelberg, Marco Scarnera, Patrick Schaile, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, Lea Schlickmann, B. Schlüter, Felix Schlüter, Nick Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, K. Schunter, Sonke Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, Leo Seen, M. Seikh, S. Seunarine, Per Arne Sevle Myhr, R. Shah, S. Shefali, N. Shimizu, B. Skrzypek, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, D. Soldin, A. Stahl, Giacomo Sommani, C. Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, Karl-Heinz Sulanke, G.W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, A. Terliuk, A. Thakuri, P. Theobald, Matthias Thiesmeyer, W. G. Thompson, J. Thwaites, S. Tilav, Kirsten Tollefson, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, P. Trevarrow, A. Trettin, Alka Upadhyay, K. Upshaw, A. Vaidyanathan, N. Valtonen-Mattila, Janeth Valverde, J. Vandenbroucke, Thijs van Eeden, N. van Eijndhoven, L. Van Rootselaar, J. V. Santen, J. Vara, F. Varsi, M. Venugopal, M. Vereecken, Sebastian Vergara Carrasco, S. Verpoest, Doğa Veske, A. Vijai, Joshua Villarreal, C. Walck, Andrew Wang, Elizabeth Warrick, Ch. Weaver, P. Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, Alex Wen, Chris Wendt, J. Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, Lucas Witthaus, Gerrit Wrede, Xiaolin Xu, Yuhua Yao, Emre Burak Yildizci, S. Yoshida, R. Young, Felix J. Yu, S. Yu, Tianlu Yuan, A. Zegarelli, Shuo Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin, Perri Zilberman

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Instrumentation · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsQueen's UniversitySimon Fraser UniversityUniversity of AlbertaInstitute of Particle Physics
Fundersnot available
KeywordsUpgradeCalibrationNeutrinoAngular resolution (graph drawing)Neutrino detectorSensitivity (control systems)Energy (signal processing)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract The IceCube Neutrino Observatory, instrumenting about 1 km 3 of deep, glacial ice at the geographic South Pole, is due to be enhanced with the IceCube Upgrade. The IceCube Upgrade, to be deployed during the 2025/26 Antarctic summer season, will consist of seven new strings of photosensors, densely embedded near the bottom center of the existing array. Aside from a world-leading sensitivity to neutrino oscillations, a primary goal is the improvement of the calibration of the optical properties of the instrumented ice. This calibration will be applied to the entire archive of IceCube data, improving the angular and energy resolution of the detected neutrino events. For this purpose, the Upgrade strings include a host of new calibration devices. Aside from dedicated calibration modules, several thousand LED flashers have been incorporated into the photosensor modules. We describe the design, production, and testing of these LED flashers before their integration into the sensor modules as well as the use of the LED flashers during lab testing of assembled sensor modules.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.520
Threshold uncertainty score0.193

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.020
GPT teacher head0.239
Teacher spread0.219 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designSimulation or modeling
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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