High levels of serum cholesterol increase the risk of developing vessel co‐opting tumors in colorectal cancer liver metastases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cholesterol availability has been implicated in cancer progression. Here, we demonstrate the connection between blood cholesterol concentration, the development of distinct histopathological growth patterns (HGPs) in colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM), and new avenues of treatment for patients. Our study reveals that serum cholesterol levels correlate with the different HGPs, and patients on statins had desmoplastic HGPs and improved overall survival. We also demonstrate, in an in vivo mouse model, that inhibition of key modulators of cholesterol metabolism, using antiproprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, attenuated the development of CRCLM tumors, as well as the formation of vessel co-opting lesions. Our findings underscore the importance of cholesterol in CRCLM and the potential clinical application of evolocumab to mitigate the growth of these histological types of tumors in CRCLM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".