Alkyl Ammonium Halides Solubilizer‐Mediated Interfacial Engineering Enables Reversible Divalent Metal Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The development of reversible calcium and magnesium metal batteries is plagued by the formation of ion‐blocking solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) on metal surfaces. CaI 2 phase is recognized as a beneficial component for facilitating Ca 2+ transport, but low solubility of CaI 2 electrolyte results in CaI 2 ‐deficient SEIs and impedes Ca 2+ migration kinetics. Herein, a family of alkyl ammonium iodide (RNH 3 I) solubilizers is reported to reorganize Ca 2+ solvation structure, forming soluble I − ‐rich complex to effectively promote CaI 2 salt dissolution. The elevated I − concentration in CaI 2 /RNH 3 I electrolytes enriches CaI 2 species within the SEIs, while electrochemical reduction of RNH 3 + cations generates a Ca 3 N 2 component with a favorable migration barrier. Thanks to an enhanced Ca 2+ migration kinetics in CaI 2 /Ca 3 N 2 hybrid SEIs, the developed electrolytes realizes an over 20‐fold reduction in voltage polarization compared to blank CaI 2 counterpart, enabling stable cycling of reversible Ca metal batteries. Furthermore, this solubilization strategy could be readily extended to Mg metal batteries with electrochemical performance enhancements, demonstrating a universal electrolyte design concept for engineering divalent metal batteries’ interface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".