Unusual number of large tectonic earthquakes before and during the birth of the Paricutin monogenetic volcano. Did they trigger, maintain, and boost the volcanic long-lasting activity from 1943 to 1952?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Volcanoes can be described as falling somewhere a large spectrum ranging from polygenetic systems, which are constructed through multiple, long-lived eruptive phases, to monogenetic systems, which usually form during a single eruptive event. Within this context, several decades of observations on Earth have shown that close and strong tectonic earthquakes can precede large eruptions of polygenetic volcanoes. In contrast, only a few close and large earthquakes have been reported before the birth of new monogenetic volcanoes, since the latter are rare. Here, we describe the unusually high number of large tectonic earthquakes that preceded the birth of the Paricutin monogenetic volcano in Mexico in 1943. Thirteen large tectonic earthquakes occurred in the near field during the 20-year period spanning the decade before the birth of Paricutin to the end of its eruption, whereas only one earthquake occurred within ten years after the eruption ended. This clustering of large tectonic earthquakes in space and time before and during the eruption of Paricutin is unusual for this region of Mexico. The significant difference in the number of tectonic earthquakes before, during, and after the eruption strongly suggests that Paricutin´s birth and growth are related to these earthquakes. They may have changed the stress tensor near Paricutin´s location, facilitating magma to migrate towards the surface and sustaining Paricutin´s eruption for nine years - an unusually long period for a monogenetic volcano. We propose that changes in static and quasi-static stress fields, resulting from local faults, local tectonics, and static displacement fields generated by near-field earthquakes, may have triggered and boosted the Paricutin´s eruption. In addition, we suggest that the dynamic stress field generated by the waves emitted by earthquakes may have altered magma pathways towards the surface prior to and during the Paricutin´s eruption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".