Vertical distribution of chaetognaths and their role as biological indicators of water masses in the Cape Verde frontal zone (NW Africa)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Cape Verde Frontal Zone (CVFZ) is an area located in the southern boundary of the Canary Current. The interaction between the Cape Verde Front and the Mauritanian coastal upwelling promotes an area of highly dynamic water mass circulation, enhancing primary production and zooplankton biomass and abundance. Chaetognaths are a main component of zooplankton in oceanic areas, and they are poorly studied besides their important role as predators and their distribution matching specific water masses. Our aim was to study the effect of water mass dynamics on the distribution and abundance of the chaetognath community in an area of important water mass interaction, and to test their role as ocean bio-indicators. We studied the species composition, vertical distribution, size structure, and gonadal development of chaetognaths at six stations located at the CVFZ. Vertical stratified sampling covering epi- and mesopelagic depths were analyzed to assess the match of chaetognaths with different water masses. We found a total of 18 species of chaetognaths. The most frequent species was Flaccisagitta enflata (41.37 %), followed by Serratosagitta serratodentata (18.15 %), and Pterosagitta draco (14.92 %). The distribution patterns of six chaetognath species in the CVFZ were closely associated with oceanographic events and water masses, being Eukrohnia hamata a bio-indicator of Mauritanian upwelling. Flaccisagita enflata was associated with the mixed layer, Decipisagitta decipiens with the South Atlantic Central Water of 18 °C and Decipisagitta sibogae with the Northeast Atlantic Central Water of 15 °C , while Eukrohnia fowleri and Caecosagitta macrocephala were associated with the SubPolar Mode Water. These findings highlight the biodiversity of chaetognath community in the CVFZ and their importance to study their relationship with oceanic habitats in a scenario of climate change. • We studied the effect of water mass dynamics on the distribution and abundance of the chaetognath community. • We performed vertical stratified sampling covering the epi- and mesopelagic depths. • The chaetognath distribution in the Cape Verde Frontal Zone was related to water mass dynamics and oceanographic events. • A chaetognath species was bio-indicator of the Mauritanian Upwelling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".