Sedimentary evidence of invasive cladoceran <i>Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni</i> presence on the Pacific coast of North America over four decades before first detection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract While the invasion of Eurasian cladoceran Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni to the Laurentian Great Lakes is well-documented, its spread to the west coast of North America is less understood. We provide evidence that Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni was present on the Pacific Coast of North America as early as 1965, ~45 years prior to its first observation in this region in 2008. While investigating dated sediment cores in the Kootenay Lake system, British Columbia, Canada, we found B. (E.) coregoni remains in multiple intervals pre-2008, where it was present in high concentrations (up to 1500 exoskeletons/g dry sediment) and a dominant part of the cladoceran assemblage (25–31.5% relative abundance), though it displayed irregular pulses in abundance. While the method of introduction remains unclear, this research reframes the timeline of B. (E.) coregoni introduction and improves our understanding of zooplankton invasion dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".