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Seasonal variations of the atmospheric muon neutrino spectrum measured with IceCube
Rasha Abbasi, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, Jean-Marco Alameddine, N. M. Amin, K. Andeen, C. Argüelles, Y. Ashida, S. Athanasiadou, Spencer Axani, Rishi Babu, X. Bai, Aswathi Balagopal, M. Baricevic, S. W. Barwick, Simeon Bash, Vedant Basu, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, Jakob Beise, Chiara Bellenghi, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, D. Z. Besson, E. Blaufuss, Lucas Bloom, Summer Blot, F. Bontempo, Julia Book, Caterina Boscolo Meneguolo, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Böttcher, J. Braun, Bennett Brinson, Zoe Brisson-Tsavoussis, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, L. Brusa, Ryan T. Burley, Delaney Butterfield, Michael Campana, I. Caracas, Kiara Carloni, Jose Carpio, Sharmistha Chattopadhyay, Thien Nhan Chau, Z. Chen, D. Chirkin, S. Choi, Brian Clark, Alan Coleman, Peter John Cusack Coleman, G. H. Collin, A. Connolly, J. M. Conrad, Rebecca Corley, D. F. Cowen, C. De Clercq, James DeLaunay, Diyaselis Delgado, Sen Deng, Abhishek Desai, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, T. DeYoung, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, P. Dierichs, Stephen DiKerby, M. Dittmer, A. Domi, Lincoln Draper, Hrvoje Dujmović, Daniel Durnford, K. Dutta, M. A. DuVernois, T. Ehrhardt, Leonhard Eidenschink, A. Eimer, P. Eller, E. Ellinger, Sharif El Mentawi, D. Elsäesser, R. Engel, H. Erpenbeck, Waleed Esmail, J. Evans, P.A. Evenson, Kwok Lung Fan, Ke Fang, Kareem Ramadan Farrag, A. R. Fazely, Anatoli Fedynitch, N. Feigl, S. Fiedlschuster, C. Finley, Leander Fischer, D. B. Fox, A. Franckowiak, S. Fukami, Philipp Fürst, J. S. Gallagher, Erik Ganster, Alfonso Garcia, M. García, Gaurav Garg, Eliot Genton, L. Gerhardt, L. Gerhardt, C. Girard-Carillo, Christian Gläser, T. Glüsenkamp, J. G. González, S. Goswami, Alejandra Granados, D. Grant, S. J. Gray, S. Griffin, Spencer Griswold, Kathrine Mørch Groth, David Joseph Guevel, C. Günther, Pascal Gutjahr, C. Ha, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, L. Halve, F. Halzen, Leon Hamacher, H. Hamdaoui, Martin Ha Minh, Michael Handt, K. Hanson, J. Hardin, Alexander Harnisch, P. Hatch, A. Haungs, Jonas Häußler, K. Helbing, Jonas Hellrung, J. Hermannsgabner, L. Heuermann, Nils Heyer, S. Hickford, A. Hidvegi, Colton Hill, G. C. Hill, Ramy Hmaid, K. D. Hoffman, Sam Hori, K. Hoshina, Matheus Hostert, Wenjie Hou, Thomas Huber, K. Hultqvist, Mirco Huennefeld, R. Hussain, Karolin Hymon, A. Ishihara, W. Iwakiri, M. Jacquart, Samyak Jain, Oliver Janik, M. Jansson, Minjin Jeong, Miaochen Jin, B. J. P. Jones, N. Kamp, Donghwa Kang, Woosik Kang, Xinyue Kang, A. Kappes, D. Kappesser, Leonora Kardum, T. Karg, Martina Karl, A. Karle, Akanksha Katil, U. Katz, M. Kauer, J. L. Kelley, Manish Khanal, A. Khatee Zathul, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kiryluk, S. R. Klein, Yukiho Kobayashi, Alina Kochocki, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, Tomas Kontrimas, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, Paras Koundal, M. Kowalski, T. Kozynets, Gerhard Krieger, J. Krishnamoorthi, T. Krishnan, Karlijn Kruiswijk, E. Krupczak, Anil Kumar, Emma Kun, N. Kurahashi, Neha Navnitkumar Lad, Cristina Lagunas Gualda, M. Lamoureux, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, Jeffrey Lazar, Kayla Leonard DeHolton, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, J. Liao, Massimiliano Lincetto, Y. T. Liu, M. Liubarska, Christina Love, L. Lu, Francesco Lucarelli, William Luszczak, Yang Lyu, J. Madsen, Else Magnus, K. B. M. Mahn, Yuya Makino, Elena Manao, Sarah Mancina, Alicia Mand, W. Marie Sainte, Ioana Codrina Mariş, Szabolcs Márka, Z. Márka, M. Marsee, Ivan Martínez-Soler, R. Maruyama, Finn Mayhew, Frank McNally, J. V. Mead, K. Meagher, S. Mechbal, A. Medina, Maximilian Meier, Yarno Merckx, Lukas Merten, Justin Mitchell, L. Molchany, T. Montaruli, R. W. Moore, Yasutsugu Morii, R. Morse, Marjon Moulai, Tista Mukherjee, Richard Naab, M. Nakos, U. Naumann, Jannis Necker, Akshima Negi, Ludwig Neste, M. Neumann, Hans Niederhausen, M. U. Nisa, K. Noda, A. Noell, A. Novikov, A. Obertacke Pollmann, Vivian O'Dell, A. Olivas, R. Orsoe, J. Osborn, Erin O’Sullivan, Veronika Palušová, Hershal Pandya, N. Park, G. K. Parker, V. A. Parrish, Ek Narayan Paudel, Larissa Paul, C. Pérez de los Heros, Teresa Pernice, J. Peterson, A. Pizzuto, M. Plum, Axel Ponten, Y. Popovych, M. Prado Rodriguez, B. Pries, R. Procter-Murphy, G. T. Przybylski, Lilly Pyras, Christoph Raab, J. Rack-Helleis, N. Rad, Martin Langgård Ravn, K. Rawlins, Z. Rechav, Abdul Rehman, I. Reistroffer, E. Resconi, S. Reusch, W. Rhode, Benedikt Riedel, Adam Rifaie, E. J. Roberts, S. Robertson, Steven T. Rodan, Martin Rongen, Aske Rosted, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, L. Ruohan, I. Safa, Julian Saffer, Daniel Salazar-Gallegos, P. Sampathkumar, Alexander Sandrock, M. Santander, Sourav Sarkar, S. Sarkar, J. Savelberg, P. Savina, Patrick Schaile, M. Schaufel, H. Schieler, S. Schindler, Lea Schlickmann, B. Schlüter, Felix Schlüter, Nick Schmeisser, T. Schmidt, Judith Schneider, Frank Schröder, L. Schumacher, Sonke Schwirn, S. Sclafani, D. Seckel, Leo Seen, Mohammad Ful Hossain Seikh, Minhye Seo, S. Seunarine, P. Sevle Myhr, Riya Shah, S. Shefali, Nobuhiro Shimizu, M. Silva, Barbara Skrzypek, B. Smithers, R. Snihur, J. Soedingrekso, A. Søgaard, Dennis Soldin, Philipp Soldin, Giacomo Sommani, C. Spannfellner, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, M. Stamatikos, T. Stanev, T. Stezelberger, T. Stürwald, Thomas Stuttard, G. W. Sullivan, I. Taboada, S. Ter–Antonyan, A. Terliuk, A. Thakuri, Matthias Thiesmeyer, W. G. Thompson, Jessie Thwaites, S. Tilav, Kirsten Tollefson, C. Tönnis, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, A. Trettin, Martin Unland Elorrieta, Anuj Kumar Upadhyay, K. Upshaw, A. Vaidyanathan, Nora Valtonen-Mattila, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, D. Vannerom, J. V. Santen, J. Vara, F. Varsi, J. Veitch-Michaelis, M. Venugopal, Matthias Vereecken, Sebastian Vergara Carrasco, Stef Verpoest, Doğa Veske, A. Vijai, C. Walck, A. Wang, C. Weaver, Philip Weigel, A. Weindl, J. Weldert, Alex Wen, C. Wendt, Johannes Werthebach, M. Weyrauch, N. Whitehorn, C. H. Wiebusch, D. R. Williams, Lucas Witthaus, Martin Wolf, Gerrit Wrede, Xiaolin Xu, J. P. Yanez, E. Yildizci, S. Yoshida, R. Young, Felix J. Yu, Shiqi Yu, Tianlu Yuan, Angela Zegarelli, Shuo Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zhelnin, P. Zilberman, Melany Zimmerman
Bibliographic record
VenueThe European Physical Journal C · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsSimon Fraser UniversityInstitute of Particle PhysicsUniversity of AlbertaQueen's University
FundersOffice of Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive ResearchJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceDeutsches Elektronen-SynchrotronOffice of Polar ProgramsCollege of Engineering, Michigan State UniversityAlliance de recherche numérique du CanadaHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsInstitute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba UniversityRWTH Aachen UniversityNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Advanced CyberinfrastructureEuropean CommissionWestern Canada Research GridFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSPolarforskningssekretariatetVillum FondenFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekNvidiaMichigan State UniversityMarquette University
KeywordsMuonZenithFlux (metallurgy)NeutrinoAmplitudeSeasonalityRange (aeronautics)
Abstract
Abstract This study presents an analysis of seasonal variations in the atmospheric muon neutrino flux, using 11.3 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By leveraging a novel spectral unfolding method, we explore the energy range from 125 GeV to 10 TeV for zenith angles from $${90}^{\circ }$$ 90 ∘ to $${110}^{\circ }$$ 110 ∘ , corresponding to the Antarctic atmosphere. Our findings reveal that the differential measurement of the amplitudes of the seasonal variation is consistent with an energy-dependent decrease reaching ( $$-\,4.5$$ - 4.5 ± 1.2)% during Austral winter and increase to (+ 3.9 ± 1.3)% during Austral summer relative to the annual average at 10 TeV. While the unfolded flux exceeds the model predictions by up to 30%, the differential measurement of the seasonal to annual average flux remains unaffected. The measured seasonal variations of the muon neutrino spectrum are consistent with theoretical predictions using the MCEq code and the NRLMSISE-00 atmospheric model.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.010
Threshold uncertainty score0.021
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.007
GPT teacher head0.202
Teacher spread0.195 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes