Bibliographic record
Abstract
L ord Salisbury dominated British foreign policy for the better part of a quarter of a century at the close of the Victorian era. Between 1878 and 1902, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3 rd Marquess of Salisbury, served four times as foreign secretary and was thrice prime minister, for the most part holding the two positions in conjunction. A high Tory, wary of the two mid-Victorian extensions of the franchise and given to ‘gloomy thoughts’ about the undesirability of progress, 1 his principal political interests lay in the field of foreign affairs, still relatively shielded from public interference as it then was. The intricacies of international diplomacy, his daughter and biographer reflected, appealed to his ‘instinctive reverence for facts’. 2 The conditions of the unreformed,Victorian Foreign Office were a conducive environment for the reclusive Marquess. He took, at best, an intermittent interest in the administration of his department; and in official business he was ‘Olympian and aloof ’, as one of his private secretaries later observed. 3
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".