Bibliographic record
Abstract
A North Brabantine Catholic offensive in the United States. The mission among the Native Americans (1835-1865) North Brabantine clergymen, together with their Flemish colleagues, played a crucial role in building and spreading Catholicism in the United States. Until the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the young republic was the Netherlands’ most important mission area, with the vicariates, after 1853 dioceses, of ’s-Hertogenbosch and Breda as the largest suppliers of staff and funds by far. Neither in the historiography on North Brabant, nor in that of Dutch Catholicism, much attention has been paid to this offensive. The strategy of Brabantine and Flemish Catholic leaders was aimed at the globalization of Catholicism, at the formation of a single world church with a single doctrine of Ultramontanism, struc- tured hierarchically, and under the infallible authority of the Pope. The young church in the United States urgently requested support from the Southern Netherlands, where the first bishop had received his training. The common approach on both sides of the Atlantic was based on five pillars: a shared ideology; a comparable domination of society and religion by Protestants; a wide range of motivated and well-trained priests in Brabant; an intensive cooperation in the geographical triangle Louvain-’s-Hertogenbosch-Breda; and modern forms of social mobilization. The second part of this article focuses on the brothers Christiaan and Adriaan Hoecken from Tilburg. They are exemplary because of their romantic sublimation of loneliness, sacrifice, martyrdom, and death, characteristic for the missionaries of the Missouri Mission between 1835 and 1865.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".