Microstructural Improvements of SAC Alloys with Bi Additions During Accelerated Thermal Cycling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Tin based Pb-free solders continue to present challenges in high reliability applications, particularly when exposed to accelerated thermal conditions. Bi as an alloying element has been found to have beneficial properties, both by reducing the overall process temperature and through intrinsic material characteristics. This paper explores the microstructural evolution of three Pb-free solders; two have a near-eutectic composition in a quaternary system, while a third has a composition along the eutectic valley of a ternary compound. The properties and microstructures of each are compared to SAC305. Reduced amount of Ag, including one alloy with no Ag, are also examined. Changes to the bulk microstructure and the interfacial IMC between time of solidification and exposure to accelerated thermal cycling are explored and compared with reliability data. Two thermal cycling conditions are considered, 0 to 100°C and - 55 to 125°C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".