Changes in tibialis anterior muscle activity following tibial nerve block in adults with spastic equinovarus foot: an observational pilot study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis activity during walking following a diagnostic nerve block of the tibial nerve in patients with spastic equinovarus foot. DESIGN: Observational pilot study. PATIENTS: Thirteen adult patients (10 males, 3 females) with spastic equinovarus foot due to stroke or traumatic brain injury. METHODS: All patients underwent a diagnostic nerve block of the tibial nerve main trunk. Clinical assessments included passive and active ankle range of motion, spasticity grading using the Modified Ashworth Scale and the Tardieu Scale, and muscle strength evaluation. Surface electromyography was recorded during gait to analyse muscle activation and coactivation patterns before and after the procedure. RESULTS: Passive ankle dorsiflexion significantly improved after the nerve block. Spasticity scores decreased, while active range of motion and Tardieu angle (passive range of motion during slow stretch - angle at which resistance is first felt during fastest stretch) showed trends toward improvement. Electromyographic analysis revealed reduced activation of both tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius medialis, along with a significant decrease in coactivation. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic nerve block of the tibial nerve effectively reduces spasticity and alters antagonist muscle activity, supporting its role in personalized assessment and treatment planning for spastic equinovarus foot.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".