Enhanced Cr( <scp>vi</scp> ) adsorption on nitrogen and sulfur functionalized granular activated carbon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
on the heterogeneous GAC surface (Sips model), whereas N/S-functionalized GAC follows the Freundlich model, indicating heterogeneous adsorption through the formation of Cr(III) hydroxides near functional groups. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption follows a revised pseudo-second order kinetic model on both surfaces, where chemisorption is the rate-controlling step. The rate of adsorption is similar for both types of GAC in the initial regime with fast kinetics. However, after 200 min, N/S functionalized GAC exhibits a higher uptake, likely associated with the additional Cr(VI) adsorption through a reduction process. Regeneration experiments revealed that NaOH and KOH solutions achieved significantly higher desorption efficiencies (>90% for unmodified GAC and >70% for N/S functionalized GAC) compared to acidic regeneration using HCl solution (<40% for GAC and <25% for N/S-GAC).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".