Molecular characterization of the effects of essential oils on mRNA gene expression related to proinflammatory and antiviral pathways, virus load, and antibody production in chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, and infectious bronchitis virus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of essential oils (EOs) on pro-inflammatory and antiviral mRNA expression, viral load, and serum antibody levels in broiler chickens, with and without vaccination. Four experiments were conducted using live attenuated vaccines for Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV): EXP1 (unvaccinated control), EXP2 (NDV), EXP3 (IBDV), and EXP4 (IBV). Each experiment included three treatments: T1 (no EO), T2 (a blend of Lippia origanoides, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Lippia alba), and T3 (Lippia alba alone). Birds were vaccinated at 14 days post-hatch, and tracheal and bursal samples were collected on days 21 and 28 to evaluate mRNA expression of NF-κB, IL-1β, TLR3, TLR7, MDA5, IFN-β, OAS, and PKR, as well as viral load and antibody titers. In the trachea, both T2 and T3 modulated antiviral gene expression in EXP1 and EXP2, with significant up-regulation of TLR3, IFN-β, and OAS on day 21, as well as additional effects on day 28. In EXP4, OAS was up-regulated by both treatments on day 21, while TLR3, MDA5, and PKR were enhanced on day 28. In the bursa, IFN-β was up-regulated in EXP1 on day 21 and broader activation occurred by day 28. In EXP3, TLR7 increased on day 21, and TLR3 and MDA5 (T2) on day 28. Viral load decreased with T3 in NDV (EXP2) at both time points and in IBDV (EXP3) on day 21, with no significant change for IBV (EXP4). Antibody titers were unchanged on day 21 but increased on day 28 for NDV and IBDV (T2 and T3) and for IBV (T3). These findings suggest that EO supplementation via spray application may modulate antiviral pathways, reduce viral replication, and enhance humoral responses, supporting its potential as a natural immunomodulator to improve antiviral protection in poultry.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".