WILCO: How Prioritizing CPDLC Communication Changes Canadian ATC Operations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The last twenty years have seen the gradual deployment of Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) as a complement to very high frequency radio (VHF) in European and North American Airspace, changing the way that pilots and air traffic controllers (ATC) conduct day-to-day operations. This raises the question of how increasing the proportion of communication conducted over CPDLC has changed the way pilots and ATC execute routine tasks, and how moving to a CPDLC-first communication paradigm could impact pilots and ATC. In this study, we interviewed eight ATC from two control centres in Canada. One control centre uses a mix of CPDLC and radio, and the other uses CPDLC for almost all communication. Our results show that while ATC enjoy CPDLC, asymmetries between the interfaces used by pilots and ATC lead to disparate experience and a lack of mutual understanding. We verified results from the interviews by analyzing 24 hours of data link communication from three control centres. We recommend that future CPDLC designs promote awareness for both pilots and ATC of the context in which the other party is making decisions. We also suggest that future designs increase integration and flexibility of free text to ease the transition from VHF to CPDLC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".